Different Perspectives in Psychology Coexist Rather Than Conflict

This paper moves toward the subject from a thought of mental exploration in the fields of sex and sexual orientation and language. It does as such when all is said in done terms and keeps away from conversation at levels of detail. In this way where a reference is made to explicit examination the aim is to do close to represent a general guideline. The paper will presume that alternate points of view in brain research do now and again exist together, however supplement and strife are frequent.It will propose the absence of a conclusive answer is a consequence of the general adolescence of Psychology as a control and an accompanying absence of sufficiently ground-breaking speculations that may serve to join in any case different viewpoints. A thought of how brain research moves toward the investigation of sex and sex uncovers, among others, four noteworthy hypothetical points of view that are generally very unmistakable regarding their objects of information and subsequent strategies for analysis.Biological brain research is worried about clarifying the contrasts among male and female as far as hormones, qualities and mind structure. It is unthinking, with a solid experimental custom. Developmental brain research endeavors to clarify contrasts between genders regarding social choice for regenerative wellness. While in enormous part fundamentally hypothetical, it holds onto observational techniques as a methods for testing hypotheses. Social constructionist brain research approaches sex and sex through the investigation of talk in different chronicled, social and social settings as is hermeneutic.Finally psychoanalytic brain research basically utilizes clinical perception and the investigation of newborn children to accumulate proof of how people procure and build up a feeling of sex and sexual orientation (refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 127ff). (6) The quick impression from the above is that the extension for supplement, strife or concurrence isn't obvi ous. Given that they don't share normal objects of information, the desire may be for correlative speculations that together add to a wide understanding. Surely the organic and developmental viewpoints seem integral at the hypothetical level n that both see natural sex as the determinant of sexual orientation and view contrasts between genders as natural highlights that have been chosen for during advancement. In any case, organic brain research endeavors to clarify contrasts in male-female brain science as far as chose physiological qualities, for instance dimorphism in mind structures (cf. Hofman and Swaab, 1991, refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 139). Then again the developmental clinician would primarily contend for chosen social attributes, for example, contrasts among male and female sexual perspectives (cf. Clark and Hatfield, 1989, refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 146).There is consequently a clear clash at the degree of examination. It is in this manner unexpecte d that transformative brain science should perforce exist together with organic brain research since, given the reasonable imperatives on its capacity to lead such observational examinations that may be wanted (cf. Herrnstein-Smith, 2000, refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 173), it is reliant on a specific measure of support from the natural point of view, among others (refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 84). (22) Whereas the natural and developmental points of view concur that organic sex lies at the core of clarifying sex, the social constructionist viewpoint expressly dismisses that see; once in a while for political reasons (refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 185; see Spence, 1984 and Spender, 1980). Social constructionism sees both sex and sexual orientation as qualities that are uncovered distinctly through talk and activity. They are a result of the person's conduct and involvement with a given social, social and authentic setting (ibid).The profundity of the co ntention is exemplified by an examination of developmental investigations that accentuate culturally diverse security specifically sexual inclinations (cf. Singh 1995, p. 148; Buss and Schmitt, 1993, p. 148, refered to in Holloway et al, 2007) and social constructionist thoughts, for example, Bem's (1994, refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 153) Gender Schema Theory. Critically, for the social constructionist sexual orientation is something that is consistently restored all through the lifetime of the individual (refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 153). From the natural and transformative points of view, it is foreordained. 33) Whilst the psychodynamic point of view to a great extent supplements the social constructionist, as far as its interpretive or hermeneutic technique, its clarifications to a great extent center around the oblivious given that its objects of study involve â€Å"the importance of the organic contrasts among people and how these become disguised in the kid's mind† (refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, pp. 184).Thus both the social constructionist and psychoanalytic points of view strife with the organic and developmental methodologies at the methodological level. Interestingly be that as it may (in the same place, p. 86) the psychodynamic point of view perceives both natural and social commitments to it's conjecturing. It isn't without a lot of contention in any case. Inside the point of view, Freudian ideas of the inverse sexed p arent as ‘sexual object of decision' and ‘penis envy' (in the same place, p. 161f) immediately went under examination of female and women's activist analysts (cf. Horney, 1926, refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 163). There is likewise struggle with transformative clarifications of assault as a versatile procedure (look at Thornhill and Palmer, 2000 and Rose and Rose, 2000 refered to in Holloway et al, 2007, p. 71, p. 172). (26) Turning to a thought of the investigation of language a nd importance, one finds a similarly charming blend of potential concurrence, supplement and struggle when looking at the three head points of view. The developmental point of view decides to investigate the beginnings of language and its suggestions for the human species; the intellectual viewpoint embraces a data preparing way to deal with the transmission of significance; and the social constructionist point of view centers around â€Å"meaning making† as a dynamic between conversationalists (refered to in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 119).It is conceivable along these lines to see the three points of view as in any event concurrent. Their objects of information are unique and one may anticipate that their combined item should add to a type of brought together hypothesis. Without a doubt, from the transformative point of view Deacon (1997, Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 115) proposes that language is a social wonder that opposes clarification just in mental, or just in neuro-natur al terms. (9) However, the potential for strife between the subjective and social constructionist viewpoints is uncovered by they way they see importance as the object of knowledge.For the previous it is something that is built inside by the person preceding transmission, and in this manner remade by the crowd. For the last it is haggled because of talk between people †which means rises as the consequence of a mind boggling transaction of goals, understandings and force relations. In this manner, there is cause for contradiction with regards to what â€Å"meaning† is and where it originates from (refered to in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 102). This is satisfactory to legitimize a case of contention appears to be powerless since the kinds of â€Å"meaning† upheld by the two points of view are themselves different.Further, at the degree of sound judgment they are commonly supporting. The very thought of talk requires in any event two members chasing, however maybe not accomplishing, an agreement of significance. This requests at some level every member is cognising about their proposed significance and how the other is translating it. The suggestion is that the two viewpoints should supplement the other, or if nothing else coincide. (6) A key social constructionist contention against an idealist psychological point of view is that semantic (and other intellectual) forms can't be â€Å"transparently reported† (refered to in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 11). This contention is one that subjective analysts have long acknowledged.Commenting on early examination into the psychological demonstrating of language Boden (1977, pp. 113ff, et passim) takes note of that an individual's comprehension of language in a given case is reliant, not just on their insight into their general surroundings, however urgently on their comprehension of their relationship with their conversationalists. Different analysts underline the point (cf. Sperber and Wilson, 19 86, refered to in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 99). As far as concerns them, social constructionists, for example, Edwards et al (1992, p. 42, refered to in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 112) perceive the significance of the psychological point of view and recommend just that theirs is another viewpoint that offers various bits of knowledge. Along these lines, except if a specialist is resolved to hold to either point of view as an issue of idealist authoritative opinion, it appears to be progressively sensible given the unique loci of the separate objects of information and the explanations that every viewpoint well recognizes the other, at that point the subjective and social constructionist viewpoints are hitherto concurrent. (32)Within the developmental point of view there is a discussion with regards to whether language advanced as an adaptational favorable position and was the establishment for other subjective capacities (Pinker, 2000 refered to in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 121), or as a result of choice for a capacity to frame and control prescient metarepresentations (Sperber, 2000 refered to in Cooper and Kaye, 2007, p. 121). These are captivated and clashing perspectives. Pinker's would supplement the intellectual point of view with its accentuation on data handling, while Sperber would supplement the social constructionist.However, Deacon (1997) offers proof that the two limits developed in equal. In the event that he is right, at that point there are generous reason for looking for a com

Book of Exodus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Book of Exodus - Essay Example It exhibits the characterizing component of the personality of the Israelites. Recollections and chronicles of the past that were set apart by getaway and hardship, combined with an including pledge with Yahweh, add to understanding the political improvement that occurred in this period. There is the topic of political decision in the social setting of Israelites. Right off the bat, the country has been chosen as the individuals of God. Also, the â€Å"sons of Israel† have been chosen as God’s â€Å"first conceived sons†. This is found in how initiative comes down to Jesus from Abraham and Shem. Jacob’s name changes to Israel; a condition that causes his family to hold administration positions essentially in light of the fact that the individuals accept they have been picked by God (Dozenman 26). The component of political race further limits to the relatives of David, from the line of Judah. At last, through Jesus, initiative can be seen from the force used by Jesus. Aside from the awesome force legacy, the association among history and political is one topic that has been seriously depicted in the Book of

The Evolution of Jousting Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Evolution of Jousting Picture, maybe, a knight in sparkling protection charging on his honorable horse down the open stretch toward his adversary. From his incredible rudder, (Jousting Helmet) a separable sleeve whips in the breeze at around 30 miles for every hour. Not long before the two knights meet, they each support themselves for the effect they know anticipates them. The wood splinters fly, and one of the knights is thumped from his horse, violating his life's wellbeing on the ground. Jousting was a medieval war strategy that later advanced into a game, testing ability in horsemanship just as parity and exactness. Jousting has changed in its utilization throughout the years. It was once utilized in fight, however is currently mostly a serious type of amusement. Jousting was a mounted type of battle utilized by knights starting in the eleventh century. It was utilized primarily to thump the adversary from their ponies so they were a simpler objective for the footmen and could be effectively stomped on by the horsemen. The purpose of point during the most essential type of joust was either the four nails of the rivals shield, or the steerage or throat of his protection. The congregation didn't care for the brutality of it in light of the fact that the knight was a Christian warrior whose activity was to secure their ministers and the congregation; along these lines, jousting was at times exiled by certain holy places. It was normal faith in this timeframe that a cleric shouldn't pass on by the blade, so the knight was a sworn defender of them. The knights lived by a code of morals known as gallantry. This code administered their day by day life as well as the manner in which they battled Despite the expulsions and the viciousness of the joust , a type of it is still around today. The style jousting is a similar today however the cost is no longer blood it is currently cash. It... .../www.scotfest.com/joustingterms.html JOUSTING: What right? http://www.jousting.com/jousting.htm Knighthood, Chivalry and Tournament Glossary of Terms http://www.chronique.com/Library/Glossaries/glossary-KCT/gloss_j.htm#judicial%20duel Medieval History. About.com <http://historymedren.about.com/library/week by week/aa051298.htm> The Devil's Horsemen Jousting at Warwick Castle http://www.cv81pl.freeserve.co.uk/jousting.htm The Free Lancers. Styles of Jousting http://www.faire.net/consultants/jousting.html The Free Lancers. Gath of Baal National Combat Jousting Tournament http://www.faire.net/consultants/gath.html US Inernational Jousting Competition 2002 http://www.scotfest.com/jousting.html hurray. search http://search.yahoo.com/canister/search?p=armour Vale, Malcolm. War And Chivalry. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1981. The Evolution of Jousting Essay - Exploratory Essays Research Papers The Evolution of Jousting Picture, maybe, a knight in sparkling defensive layer charging on his honorable horse down the open stretch toward his adversary. From his extraordinary steerage, (Jousting Helmet) a separable sleeve whips in the breeze at around 30 miles for every hour. Not long before the two knights meet, they each support themselves for the effect they know anticipates them. The wood splinters fly, and one of the knights is thumped from his horse, violating his life's wellbeing on the ground. Jousting was a medieval war strategy that later developed into a game, testing ability in horsemanship just as equalization and precision. Jousting has changed in its utilization throughout the years. It was once utilized in fight, yet is currently for the most part a serious type of amusement. Jousting was a mounted type of battle utilized by knights starting in the eleventh century. It was utilized for the most part to thump the foe from their ponies so they were a simpler objective for the footmen and could be handily stomped on by the horsemen. The purpose of point during the most essential type of joust was either the four nails of the adversaries shield, or the steerage or throat of his defensive layer. The congregation didn't care for the brutality of it in light of the fact that the knight was a Christian warrior whose activity was to ensure their ministers and the congregation; in this way, jousting was every so often exiled by certain temples. It was basic faith in this timespan that a cleric shouldn't bite the dust by the blade, so the knight was a sworn defender of them. The knights lived by a code of morals known as valor. This code administered their day by day life as well as the manner in which they battled Despite the expulsions and the brutality of the jou st, a type of it is still around today. The style jousting is a similar today however the cost is no longer blood it is currently cash. It... .../www.scotfest.com/joustingterms.html JOUSTING: What right? http://www.jousting.com/jousting.htm Knighthood, Chivalry and Tournament Glossary of Terms http://www.chronique.com/Library/Glossaries/glossary-KCT/gloss_j.htm#judicial%20duel Medieval History. About.com <http://historymedren.about.com/library/week by week/aa051298.htm> The Devil's Horsemen Jousting at Warwick Castle http://www.cv81pl.freeserve.co.uk/jousting.htm The Free Lancers. Styles of Jousting http://www.faire.net/consultants/jousting.html The Free Lancers. Gath of Baal National Combat Jousting Tournament http://www.faire.net/consultants/gath.html US Inernational Jousting Competition 2002 http://www.scotfest.com/jousting.html hurray. search http://search.yahoo.com/canister/search?p=armour Vale, Malcolm. War And Chivalry. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1981.

What Are Scientific Essay Topics?

What Are Scientific Essay Topics?Scientific essays are one of the many types of essays that can be written. This is because a lot of these topics can be used in any number of different circumstances. The real question is, can you get by with just writing a scientific essay?There are many types of essays that can be written and in a lot of cases, they all revolve around the science or natural world. This is why you may find yourself having to use more than one topic for your essay. For example, if you have a natural science subject matter, such as biology, you may have to look at topics like genomics, environmental assessment, and pharmaceuticals, just to name a few.Many people do find that they are able to handle the majority of scientific topics quite well. However, there are always going to be people who are going to be much better at writing scientific essays than others. The problem with this is that these people end up writing essays that are not up to standard, even though they do have the background and knowledge necessary to write an academic type of essay.One common mistake that you will often find writers making is by using the wrong subject matter. Instead of finding out what you really want to talk about and taking time to find the appropriate scientific essay topics, they just decide that they are going to go with a topic that is going to appeal to a broader range of people. It is important that this does not happen, because when the topic is wrong, it will not work for everyone.One of the major problems that people who are in the field of science face, is that they tend to write in the general subject of science, which in itself can limit their subject for their scientific essay topics. This is because if they are not careful, they will end up getting bogged down in their research, which will lead to less focused results and it will not reflect well on them. If they are able to find an easy way to be creative and include their personal opinion int o their paper, it will bring out better results.The other thing that you need to remember is that you need to set high standards for yourself when it comes to writing. You have to make sure that you are doing your research and being aware of the style guide and take time to properly polish your essay. Some people are not going to have as much trouble as others, but you have to make sure that you are prepared.Ultimately, it is up to you whether you are going to use topics that are scientific essay topics or not. The first step in deciding is to make sure that you are writing an essay that will stand out from the rest. In order to do this, you have to make sure that you use the correct scientific essay topics and focus on the real story behind the research.

Mental Illness in The Ecology of a Cracker Childhood by...

How the Patient can see it. For some, it can be a positive experience. In this excerpt from â€Å"The Ecology of a Cracker Childhood†, Ray’s father writes to her when she asked of him to speak about his experience as a person who dealt with his own mental illness. â€Å"Mental illness, or nervous breakdown as some call it, is nothing to be afraid of, or to put it in better perspective, nothing to live in fear of. In some ways, it is like death. Natural death comes in stages – stage one gets you ready for stage two and so on until the coma. Most of the time people with a mental dis-order don’t know it. Sometimes their friends can’t detect it. Close family members can, as well as those trained in the field. Thirty years ago I had what people call†¦show more content†¦From what I recall of watching the footage, they had the car stopped and all doors were open, and yet they couldn’t get her out? I recall their reaction clearly, while t he car was stopped, they stood around like befuddled buffoons unsure of how to handle the situation. Later on the news reported that the mother might have been suffering from postpartum depression or some form of grandeur schizophrenia since the chase had begun when she had driven up to the White House and asked to be let in to see President Barack Obama because she was working for him. In another news story from last year, there was a report with an eyewitness video in which it shows several bystanders rescuing several frightened children while their mother was attempting to kill them by driving into the waves of the Atlantic Ocean. This mother as well had a history of mental illness but because of a lax in the law, the police that had stopped her previous of their driving into the Atlantic, were unable to detain the mother. In these cases of the Capital Hill shooting and the Atlantic rescue; I will criticize the news media industry who decided that it was appropriate to show videos of which these kid’s traumas will forever in history because they chose to reward the â€Å"heroes† with fame. These heroes will live on in fame, the kids trauma will never be left unspoken. With my own experiences in my mind, I criticize these â€Å"heroes†. True

Role of Apra free essay sample

APRA was established following the Wallis Committee’s recommendation in 1 July 1998 under Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Act. In the amended Banking Act 1959(Cth), responsibility for the conduct of prudential supervision and depositor protection moves from the Reserve Bank to APRA. Its intention is to provide for a ‘more consistent, competitively neutral and efficient approach to the regulation of financial institutions, while enhancing overall depositor protection and financial system stability’1. This paper will thus find out about ARPA’s responsibilities related to banking in traditional sense of the term. First of all, a quick glance at ‘what is a bank’ should be made and it can come to surprise to find that the old Banking Act contained no definition of ‘bank’. The amended Act remedies this situation by providing more clearly the activities involved in the concept of banking business in Australia under s5 or an exemption in s7 and s112. Following this, all the references to banks have been changed to authorised deposit-taking institutions (ADIs) which is authorised by APRA under s9 of Banking Act. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Apra or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Basically, key characteristics of banking in short are taking money on deposit and lending. There is no doubt that the primary responsibility of APRA is prudential supervision of financial sector which is clearly pointed under s11B Banking Act with the term ‘prudential matters’ defined in s5(1). S11AF empowers APRA to issue prudential standards for banks and bank holding companies. It also revokes a licence (s9A), issues enforceable directions should Prudential Standards be breached (s11CA) or appoints an investigator (s13A) 3. In addition, S62 Banking Act empowers APRA to obtain any information from institutions and in cases of severe financial difficulty, APRA has the power to wind up the institution and distribute its assets. More importantly, in the ‘harmonised’ prudential standards released in 1999, a capital adequacy framework and risk management were created in respond to the trend of financial convergence. Capital adequacy framework covers all types of financial risks in a single calculation methodology to determine whether an ADI has sufficient reserves to withstand a reasonable array of adverse shocks. APS 110 sets out detailed capital requirements which apply on a stand-alone as well as consolidated group basic except foreign ADIs. APRA appraises the ADI’s financial strength at three levels to ensure that the ADI is adequately capitalised. These are level 1 comprising ADI itself or the ELE, level 2-consolidated banking group and level 3-the conglomerate group4. Furthermore, consistent with Basel Capital Accord, the approach used by APRA for assessing an ADI’s capital adequacy focuses on three main elements. The definition of ‘capital base’ and eligible components are set out in APS 111-capital adequacy. A bank’s risk weighted exposures are determined in accordance with requirements and procedures in APS 112 –credit risk and APS 113- market risk5. Banks are required, unless APRA set higher levels, to maintain at level 1 and 2 as a minimum risk-weighted capital ratio of 4 % in Tier 1 and 8% for total capital at all times. APRA assess and takes into account the general risks and other circumstances relevant for the individual ADI. A ‘capital buffer’ could be added by ADI if the ADI is judged as being vulnerable more than normal volatility in its revenues and risks. In considering the required capital ratio, APRA considers all material risks, both on and off-balance sheet. Credit risks are placed into four categories which are based on the risk of counterparty default and given individual weights of 0, 20, 50 or 100%6. Furthermore, APS150 was introduced to ensure there are no unanticipated large reductions in minimum capital requirements by applying transitional capital floors for ADIs using the advanced approaches when the Basel II Framework applies. If banks fail to comply with standards on capital adequacy, APRA has the power to compel compliance by issuing directions under 11CA Banking Act. Failure to comply with a direction is a criminal offence. Concerning risk management, APS 310 requires banks to provide annually to APRA a declaration from CEO, endorsed that the board and management have identified key risks facing the bank, including liquidity (APS 210), credit quality( APS 220), large exposure( APS 221), association with related entities (APS222), outsourcing( APS 231) and business continuity management ( APS 232). APS 220 established the responsibility of an ADI’s board of directors to ensure an effective credit risk management system. Verification of the adequacy of an institution’s policies and effectiveness of implementation is undertaken in on-site prudential reviews guided by Module 8 of the APRA‘s Supervision Framework. Moreover, banks are required to report to APRA quarterly on all exposure exceeding 10% of the bank capital base which is defined as ‘large exposure’ in APS 221. Banks specifically advise APRA immediately of any violation of the limits established under paragraph 9 of APS 221. For liquidity risk, APRA required banks pursuant to APS 210 to implement a liquidity management strategy (paragraph 4). An ADI exempted from scenario analysis under paragraph 9 will be required to maintain a minimum holding of 9% of its liabilities in specified high quality liquid assets at all times (paragraph 10). In respect of risks from non-bank activities, the restrictions on exposure limits to related parties are somewhat more lenient for related non-bank regulated entities (35 percent of level 1 capital) than for unrelated non-bank entities (25 percent of capital)7. Also, APRA undertakes detailed assessments of all significant acquisitions and new business lines proposed by banks under APS 222. Another vital responsibility of APRA is protection of depositors as depositor confidence is for the benefit of the bank and banking system. S11CA Banking Act gives APRA wide powers of direction over banks when necessary to ensure compliance with its prudential standards or to protect the interest of depositors. Likewise, Division 2 empowers APRA to intervene whenever a bank’s ability to repay its depositors is threatened. S13(3) Banking Act requires a bank to notify APRA immediately if it is likely to become unable to meet its obligations or suspend payment. APRA requires that every ADI (except foreign ADI) must hold assets other than goodwill which are adequate to meet its total Australia deposit liabilities under s13A(4). However, there is no provision in either the Banking Act or APRA’s constitution which requires it to guarantee depositors’ funds and depositors have no recourse to APRA. This means that in the event of bank failure it seems very unlikely that depositors could claim against APRA for any perceived failure of APRA to carry its statutory obligations. In my opinion, regarding to assessing institutional related risks, APRA should not only use standard statistical indicators as evidence but also acknowledge ethical matters. Moreover, according to International Monetary Fund 2006, APRA should apply standards for capital requirements which constitute best international practices, including some which will be introduced for those countries implementing the Basel II framework.

Fatima Mernissi about the Womens Way of Life in Islam

Introduction Islam is one of the wide spread religions especially in the Asian world. However, the teachings endorsed in the Quran and other religious books in the Islamic culture culminate into the oppression of women especially in issues dealing with taking up of leadership roles. Although some Islamic scholars criticize the teachings, most Islamic women condemn women rulers branding them ‘dissidents’. Fatima Mernissi, a famous scholar in the Arab world skillfully interprets the laws governing women’s leadership in the Islamic culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fatima Mernissi about the Women’s Way of Life in Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mernissi Mernissi sets out to inquire about her people’s view on women as Muslim leaders. She encounters three men, a grocer, a customer and a schoolteacher. All of the three fall in shock when she asks about women being leaders . Although one of the men is literate (schoolteacher), he gives her a Hadith, a Quran counterpart (Al-Bukhari and Al-Sahih 226). Furthermore, he tells her to understand it to avoid attracting a curse on the land for the Hadith condemns women leadership (Mernissi 1). Full of disappointment, Mernissi leaves the market with urge to go through the holy book to investigate its authenticity. On the other hand, she thinks about the constitution of her country (Morocco). The constitution grants women the right to vote and take up office. However, during elections very few women ever become parliamentarians. Ironically, about 50% of the voters are women but they refrain from taking up the offices due to the misunderstanding of the holy books and fear of rejection from the society especially men who are against women leaders. Origin of Hadith and its effect to Islamic culture The Hadith and Quran are large books with enormous volumes, one of the factors that discourage people from reading the m. However, Mernissi finds out that the teachings in the Hadith as the main source of oppression to women. The book asserts that any society, which empowers women, ends up in destruction. Unfortunately, men use the book to admonish women from engaging in politics due to fear of competition. Additionally, Hadith is a reference book in matters concerning women and politics. An amazing factor about the origin of the Hadith is that, its recording took place twenty-five years after the death of the prophet who allegedly recited it. In addition, the recitation of the supposedly holy book occurs only when there is leadership conflict between men and women. After the death of the prophet, a conflict breaks out concerning who should ascend to power. Aisha, one of the prophet’s wives has good judgmental abilities and ruling skills hence decides to take over. However, Ali opposes her as the ruler and this conflict leads to a battle that sees Aisha lose the coveted post. According to one of the scholars, Al-Bukhari, Abu Bakra was one of the men who were close to the prophet before his death. Abu Bakra decides to recite some of the prophet’s sayings such as ‘women should not rule.’ However, Asqalani, one of the elites, views this as Bakra’s tricks, which favors him and Ali to take up leadership roles.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, he says the prophet’s view about women came after the endorsement of Persian, a woman ruler. Surprisingly, Abu Bakra does not go further to interpret the words, which leaves the reader unsatisfied and scarcely informed. Unfortunately, this argument is the current reason why Muslim women do not take up political offices. Abu Bakra is a governor in one of the cities and decides to back Ali, a fellow man. When Aisha calls for discussions and consultation to iron out their political diffe rences, both Ali and Bakra decline her request. Ironically, when the prophet was alive, he preached forgiveness, freedom, wealth and power to all Muslim communities including women. Due to jealousy and Bakra’s preaching, Aisha loses power because the public is misinformed concerning women leadership. The Hadith also encourages Muslims to support their leaders’ actions; whether they are unjust or just. Abu Musa is one of the elites who refuse to back up Ali. He declines Ali’s request to send an army to the war branding it a ‘useless act.’ Musa’s stand underscores the fact that early Muslim elites did not concur with matters propagating women oppression. Consequently, when Ali takes over power, he dismisses Musa from leadership and hands it over to one of his loyal people. Therefore, critical analysis of the Hadith shows that it originated from liars and selfish people who were out to destruct democracy. Some of the people recite words that the prophet did not say. Due to these batches of lies, Bakra says he suffers public humiliation for testifying falsely in a case concerning fornication. Additionally, there was a division between the first Muslim leaders concerning the laws of the Hadith. Some of the elites did not support the hadith’s ruling on women and politics, while others were in full support of this misconstrued book. However, this was to exclude competition from women in political circles. Al- Tabari was one of the scholars who were against the Hadith’s stand to eliminate women from politics. Mernissi recalls the recitation of Quran throughout her childhood. Like Abu Bakra, her teachers read only the verses that condemn women. Similarly, the teachings view women as animals, not human beings; actually the readings liken women to dogs. Additionally, women are interrupting creatures explaining why they should not pass before men during prayers. Malik is against the interpretation of the Quran and Had ith because the origin of the material or information lacks sufficient evidence. For instance, Tabari cites Abu Hurayra, another ancient man who despised women for no apparent reason; he simply disliked women and to him, they passed for animals like cats. Ironically, in Abu’s homeland, Yemen, most leaders were women including the Queen of Sheba. One day Aisha challenges him about the false Hadith that he loves quoting; however, as expected he defends himself that Aisha does not consider keenly the prophet’s sayings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fatima Mernissi about the Women’s Way of Life in Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Surprisingly, the Islamic law on purification of women after sex or when in their menstruation are not among the prophet’s assertion. The prophet did not purify himself after sex as Aisha confirms. Therefore, Hadith is simply meant to separate women from the truth and freedom. Personally, Muslim women have the right to take any leadership roles, be it in politics or not because the ancient Islamic rulers did not condemn their women in political office meaning the two genders have equal opportunities. Conclusion In summary, the laws concerning women’s way of life, especially leadership have false origin. The people interpreting the holy books such as the Quran concentrate on the verses that condemn and undermine women without reading the context of the message. Apparently, Hadith was men’s plot to push women out of politics and leadership for they (women) would perhaps pose unnecessary competition to these power-hungry men. Apparently, men fear competing with women who may end up defeating them. The ancient Muslim leaders, except few did not undermine women in the society. Finally, although the Muslim community holds that women do not have leadership skills, the ancient women rulers like Aisha and Queen of Sheba did so skillfully and men of the time supported this ‘feminine’ leadership. Works Cited Al-Bukhari, Sahih, and Al-sahih, Muslim. Collection of Authentic Hadiths, with  Commentary by Al-Said. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Ma’rifa, 1978. Mernissi, Fatima. â€Å"A feminist interpretation of women rights in Islam.† Oxford  Islamic Studies Online, 31 March, 2011. Web. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/Home.html This essay on Fatima Mernissi about the Women’s Way of Life in Islam was written and submitted by user Aleigha Copeland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.